1. Cell Signaling & Cell Communication :-

Cell signaling is part of any communication process that governs basic activities of cells and coordinates all cell actions. The ability of cells to perceive and correctly respond to their microenvironment is the basis of development, tissue repair, and immunity, as well as normal tissue homeostasis. Errors in signaling interactions and cellular information processing are responsible for diseases such as cancer, autoimmunity, and diabetes. By understanding cell signaling, diseases may be treated more effectively and, theoretically, artificial tissues may be created.

2.  Stem Cells & Types:-

 Stem cells: An undifferentiated cell of a multicellular organism which is capable of giving rise to indefinitely more cells of the same type, and from which certain other kinds of cell arise by differentiation. Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into specific cell types. The two defining characteristics of a stem cell are perpetual self-renewal and the ability to differentiate into a specialized adult cell type. There are two major classes of stem cells: pluripotent that can become any cell in the adult body, and multipotent that are restricted to becoming a more limited population of cells.

• Embryonic stem cells
• Non-embryonic (adult) stem cells
• Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)

3. Stem Cell Epigenetics/Cell Biology.

The study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself. Epigenetics are stable heritable traits  that cannot be explained by changes in DNA sequence

4. Stem Cell Niches & Bio banking :-

A stem-cell niche is an area of a tissue that provides a specific microenvironment, in which stem cells are present in an undifferentiated and self-renewable state. Cells of the stem-cell niche interact with the stem cells to maintain them or promote their differentiation. The general niche model involves the association between resident stem cells and heterologous cell types—the niche cells.

Stem Cell Banking is a facility that preserves stem cells derived from amniotic fluid for future use. Stem cell samples in private or family banks are preserved precisely for use by the individual person from whom such cells have been collected and the banking costs are paid by such person. The sample can later be retrieved only by that individual and for the use by such individual or, in many cases, by his or her first-degree blood relatives.      

 5. Stem Cell Apoptosis and Signal Transduction:-

Self-reestablishment and multiplication of foundational microorganism populaces is controlled, to some degree, by affectation of apoptosis. The quantity of foundational microorganisms is thusly a harmony between those lost to separation/apoptosis and those increased through multiplication. Apoptosis of immature microorganisms is accepted to be a dynamic procedure which changes because of natural conditions.

6.Stem Cell Embryology :-

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are cells derived from the early embryo that can be propagated indefinitely in the primitive undifferentiated state while remaining pluripotent; they share these properties with embryonic germ (EG) cells. Candidate Embryonic stem and embryonic germ cell lines from the human blastocyst and embryonic gonad can differentiate into multiple types of somatic cell.her.

7. Stem Cell Embryology :-

Stem cell therapy is a type of cell therapy in which therapeutic efficacy exclusively attributed to the potency (function) of donor stem cells, presented in any quantity and purity. Bone marrow transplant is the most widely used stem-cell therapy, but some therapies derived from umbilical cord blood are also in use.   

8. Stem Cell Therapies :-

Stem Cell Biomarker is characterized as a quality or their proteins that are utilized to disengage and recognize immature microorganisms. The other approach to distinguish the undifferentiated organisms is by utilizing utilitarian assays. Molecular biomarkers serve as profitable apparatuses to arrange and segregate embryonic immature microorganisms (ESCs) and to screen their separation state by immunizer based systems. ESCs can offer ascent to any grown-up cell sort and in this way offer colossal potential for regenerative medication and drug revelation. Various biomarkers, for example, certain cell surface antigens, are utilized to dole out pluripotent ESCs .

9. Diseases and Stem Cell Treatment :-

Stem-cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition.The most well-established and widely used stem cell treatment is the transplantation of blood stem cells to treat diseases and conditions of the blood and immune system, or to restore the blood system after treatments for specific cancers.

10.Stem Cells technology :-

• Protection of human stem cells
• Stem cell and insulin
• Hematopoietic malignancies
• Immune cells regulate blood stem cells

11.Re-Evaluating Strategies for Transplantation of stem cells :-

Stem cell transplantation, sometimes referred to as bone marrow transplant, is a procedure that replaces unhealthy blood-forming cells with healthy cells. Stem cell transplants commonly are used to treat Leukemia and lymphoma, cancers that affect the blood and lymphatic system..

12. Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine :-

Tissue engineering can be defined as the use of a combination of cells, engineering materials, and suitable biochemical factors to improve or replace biological functions in an effort to improve clinica l procedures for the repair of damaged tissues and organs.

13. Disease Modelling and Drug Discovery :-

A disease model is an animal or cells displaying all or some of the pathological processes that are observed in the actual human or animal disease. Studying disease models aids understanding of how the disease develops and testing potential treatment approaches.

14. Tumour cell science :-

Cancer cells are cells gone wrong  in other words, they no longer respond to many of the signals that control cellular growth and death. Cancer cells originate within tissues and, as they grow and divide, they diverge ever further from normalcy. Over time, these cells become increasingly resistant to the controls that maintain normal tissue and as a result, they divide more rapidly than their progenitors and become less dependent on signals from other cells. Cancer cells even evade programmed cell death, despite the fact that their multiple abnormalities would normally make them prime targets for apoptosis. In the late stages of cancer, cells break through normal tissue boundaries and metastasize to new sites in the body

15. Applications in Nanotechnology :-

• Nanotechnology In The Regeneration of Complex Tissues
• Regenerative Approaches With Nanoparticles

16. Cellular Plasticity And Reprogramming :-

Stem cell plasticity refers to the ability of some stem cells to give rise to cell types, formerly considered outside their normal repertoire of differentiation for the location where they are found. Included under this umbrella title is often the process of “transdifferentiation” – the conversion of one differentiated cell type into another, and metaplasia – the conversion of one tissue type into another.

17. Cell And Organ Regeneration :-

Regenerative medicine is a branch of translational research in tissue engineering and molecular biology which deals with the "process of replacing, engineering or regenerating human cells, tissues or organs to restore or establish normal function.

18.  Cell and Gene Therapy :-

Gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease. In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient’s cells instead of using drugs or surgery.

19. Stem Cells and Veterinary Applications :-

The stem cell field in veterinary medicine continues to evolve rapidly both experimentally and clinically. Stem cells are most commonly used in clinical veterinary medicine in therapeutic applications for the treatment of musculoskeletal injuries in horses and dogs. New technologies of assisted reproduction are being developed to apply the properties of spermatogonial stem cells to preserve endangered animal species.same methods can be used to generate transgenic animals for production of pharmaceuticals or for use as biomedical models.

20. Clinical Trials on Cell & Gene Therapy :-

Gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease. In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient’s cells instead of using drugs or surgery.

21. Regulatory and Reimbursement Issues :-

The regulation of stem cell research is an issue that has drawn much comment, criticism and even judicial arbitration in recent years.

• Ethical Issues In Stem Cell Research
• Key Ethical Issues In Embryonic Stem Cell
• IPR
• Biosafety And rDNA Guidelines
• Governing Stem Cell Therapy And Fundings   

22. Molecular Medicine:-

Molecular medicine is a broad field, where physical, chemical, biological, bioinformatics and medical techniques are used to describe molecular structures and mechanisms, identify fundamental molecular and genetic errors of disease, and to develop molecular interventions to correct them.